Where to Find Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples

Where to Find Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples New Ideas Into Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples Never Before Revealed Keep in mind that you can't acquire high income for part-time jobs. Secondly, lots of people now aren't finding jobs or though they are working, they're not having enough money to cover his houses or flats especially in city-living that has a high price of living now. In truth, it has gotten so powerful that companies use it in order to manipulate us into thinking that we need their services and products. Over time, the company was in a position to come up with a huge supply of samples, customers download and understand the caliber of the writers and choose if they can keep on working with them. Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples Fundamentals Explained Using a lot of new words you don't understand how to use properly could make your writing worse, so be mindful! Only use words you learn how to use properly. Using a lot of application words you don't understand how to use proper ly could make your writing worse, so be mindful! There ought to be about 2 body paragraphs because it's well suited for the minimum word count i.e. 150 words. Again, take a look at some of the model essays to view how each body paragraph clearly has one central topic. You must have frequent error-free sentences. The examples in the very first and second paragraphs are extremely specific and clearly develop the major idea. Your writing also needs to be very simple to read and all facets of it are managed properly so as to guarantee Coherence and Cohesion. Thus, the expression, marry for money looks appropriate, in a point, at least. There are a few topics which are absolutely unseen and students find difficulty in locating the appropriate direction and method of information collection. To take a very simple example, if you're writing about the benefits and disadvantages ielts something, then you might want to how one paragraph about each. Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples Options Folks often take the overall training module if th ey're planning to work or live abroad. Train every one of the 4 regions of the exam (Speaking, Reading, Listening and Writing), even if you're excellent at a number of them. Benefits of Online essay Writing Services Essay writing is an ambitious endeavor for the majority of the students today. It is intriguing to learn different kinds of letters. Especially the students who start the preparation at the 11th hour, they're those who usually fail so in the event you don't wish to be one of them, then here are a few ideas that you have to follow. Today numerous such on-line sites are available which are all set to assist students with any sort of difficult essay topics within any time given. If you are worried about school or college essay submission, see some on-line websites and see for the best yet reasonably priced providers and receive the best essays written on any topics and score best. Finding Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples Months before the IELTS test, you first have to realize the position in which you stand in regard to the English language. Word repetition is obviously likely to create a terrible influence on your general test score. Finding an IELTS band 7 in writing is quite tough for many students, and many do not understand what the examiner is searching for. It's normal to fail IELTS many times. My online IELTS Writing Practice Test will explain how to improve by a complete band score in only two days. Eventually you'll get the scores that you want. After the test you'll be provided a score from 1-9. Get the IELTS score you have earned. Some individuals have the capacity of excellent writing but find it problematic to work on confusing topics so it's far better to request assistance from a specialist. So if you're getting a 6. To deal with all sections of the job, you must respond to everything that's asked in the question. The body should not contain more than two paragraphs. In the debut, the author addresses the very first portion of the question but doesn't reply to the second part about the poor taking responsibility for its own standard of living. By way of example, I, you, me, your, unless you're writing the conclusion in which you're permitted to elaborate your opinion on the topic issue. What's more, it says to concentrate on the given task, and don't deviate from the central idea. What's the ideal resume length can be a bewildering question. A student can go on the internet and decide on a fantastic writing service which delivers help in a range of means. You're searching for a way to bring in money, not to lose them. Certainly, money is a significant role in our lives. Hence, it's said, marry for money is right in some degree.

My First Time Of The Worst Races Of My Life - 1186 Words

â€Å"30:27.† I read on the clock as I finished one of the worst races of my life. A 30:27 isn’t even a 10 minute mile. I knew that this was significantly slower that my first time of the season, and I was vanquished. Frustration overtook me when I recalled about how hard I practiced to obtain a worse time. â€Å"Due to the size of the team this year, I am only going to let people who have a 28:00 PR (personal record) or better run at MSU,† Coach Andres announced at practice on Monday. MSU was the meet of the season. All of the returning runners raved about how much run it is to run there. I needed to run at MSU, so I decided I was going to run a 28. Now, I am a person who accomplishes my goals When I decide to do something, nothing can stop me.†¦show more content†¦Usually, the first mile is bearable -- I can still breathe at an even pace and my body is willing to keep going. This race, however, my breathing was horrible after my opening sprint. Did I mention that was a lousy idea yet? At around the 1 mile mark, Sam caught up with me. I decided I was going to try to stay with her even though my brain was telling me I was not going to be able to keep going. I fought my longing to stop or slow down like one does when trying to drag them-self out of bed in the morning. As we continued to run, my breathing worsened and worsened until I sound like a dying whale. My legs hurt. My back ached. My lungs screamed. My mind kept telling me to quit, but I told myself to keep going. When we arrived at the track, Sam sprinted to the finish, but I couldn’t muster the energy or willpower to go any faster. In fact, I didn’t want to go at all. For a split second, I considered just dropping into the grass and not even finishing. But I was already 3 miles in, the war was basically over. I tried to kick it in once I made to within 10 meters of the finish line. I came through with no control of my body. I tried to keep walking, but my bod y was revolting against me. It wanted to be done. There was not a clock, so I had no idea of my time. In all my years, I have never hurt so much after a race. My whole body ached, I kept dry heaving, and I felt light-headed. Once I had recovered enough to walk,Show MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : My Personal Outlook On My Life1320 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"In this life you don’t need to prove nothin’ to nobody except yourself.† ~ Fortune. This quote from the movie Rudy was my senior quote. I found it was an excellent motivational quote. It can be applied to any and all aspects of life. In this manifesto, I am going to share my outlook on my values, perspective, and how to lead a successful life. Perspective is the most important attribute of leading a happy life. Life is not so much what happens to you but how you look at it. When I was a sophomoreRead MoreThe Problem Of The Worst Trouble I Have Ever Been Since1526 Words   |  7 PagesThe Worst Trouble I Have Ever Been In When you are younger you seem to get in to trouble every time you turn around, but there is always that one time you will never be able to forget. Well that certain time for me personally was during my freshman year of high school. A couple of friends and I decided we were going to skip school on this certain day, and just ride around town for the day. Little did I know this would be the worst mistake of my life. Our ditch day started out just likeRead MorePolice Brutality Has Increased Throughout The United States Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pagesofficer. These same people take an oath to ensure they will never use their badge for harm, but now the trust that the citizens have with the police are depleting. Police brutality has increased throughout the United States and research shows that race of suspects contribute a key role. Becoming a police officer takes a lot of heart and determination. To become a police officer you must obtain a high school diploma or GED, pass the law enforcement entrance exam, graduate from the police academyRead More Is The Criminal Justice System Racially Biased? Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesand unreported crimes, excluding homicide. For my report I obtained research information from questionnaires and from several text books. I gave the questionnaire concerning bias in the criminal justice system to four whites, four blacks, one Asia, and one Mexican. Although this sample is not representative of racial attitudes in general, it can used to develop a better sense of differences among students. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To discuss my findings fully I must define a few terms. The CriminalRead More Racism: Similarities and Differences In Two Essays 1159 Words   |  5 PagesThe two authors differ in their opinion on the causes of racism and life experiences involving racism, but are similar in regards to the use of stereotypes in the world In Brent Staples’ opinion, causes of racism are derived from fear and the insufficient knowledge that a person might have about another that may cause them to be racist. In his piece, he writes, â€Å"Another time I was on assignment for a local paper and killing time before an interview. I entered a jewellery store on the city’s affluentRead MoreEssay about To the virgins to make much of time688 Words   |  3 Pagesto make much of time GATHER ye rosebuds while ye may, GATHER ye rosebuds while ye may, Old time is still a-flying: And this same flower that smiles to-day To-morrow will be dying. The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun, The higher hes a-getting, The sooner will his race be run, And nearer hes to setting. That age is best which is the first, when youth and blood are warmer; but being spent, the worse and worst Times still succeed the former. Then be not coy, but use your time, and while ye mayRead MoreEssay about Breaking Night743 Words   |  3 Pagesgirl’s journey from living on the city streets to attending one of the top schools in the country. Although our lives are quite different, Liz Murray and I show similar traits through struggle and success. Murray must over come many struggles in her life. Thanks to her persistence, she makes it to her final goal and is able to get over these struggles along the way. For example, Murray decides that she wants to finish high school and have a great education; however, she has not attended class for severalRead MoreThe Holocaust and Nazi Germany Essay1100 Words   |  5 Pagesgoal for both Hitler and his Nazi Party to rid the world of deemed â€Å"inferior† groups of people (Holocaust Encyclopedia: Timeline of Events). Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany in 1930, after running a strong political campaign during a devastating time in German history. Germany was suffering from a disastrous economic depression resulting from World War One, and Hitler used this to his advantage by using his political skills and rising popularity to gain favor. After Hitler became Chancellor,Read MoreWetback Essay780 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Wetback† Through my life I have usually been on the receiving end of racist comments, such as wetback fieldworker etc. In seventh grade I had to go to a public school because of moving reasons and that is where the comments started. I can honestly say that it was the worst experience of my life. There were only two Mexican in my class; I was one of them. The other student was also Mexican, but the catch was that he was a well know soccer player. I also played soccer, but I was not the all-proRead MoreEssay1064 Words   |  5 Pagesexactly to my next race and Im ruminating on race day prep, nutrition, strategy and results. I slide out of bed, grab a banana and a sip of water and sit in my kitchen for a few minutes relishing in the serenity  of the early morning. I can hear the frogs croaking on the nearby pond, and  I try to quiet my mind before returning to bed. Despite the fact that I have raced several times before, and put up some solid results, I still get those jitters. Generally, the crickets that jump around in my stomach

International Trade and Enterprise Contemporary

Question: Discuss about the International Trade and Enterprise Contemporary. Answer: Introduction Globalization refers to the process where an organization operates in international trade and therefore has international influence. According to Steger (2009), globalization leads to share or interchanging of culture, ideas and products through individuals, organization or business. In addition, globalization is the ideas based on the migration from domestic or national operation to global operation hence creating global interconnection with other business entities. The trade concept of globalization involves interaction between companies, government organizations and business organization with aim of sharing business ideas aided by information technology. Kochler (2000) explains globalization in the broader perspective is accompanied by both negative and positive effects on trade, culture, economic and political aspects on country organization. Globalization directly connected to sharing of information using information communication technology. Globalization in the narrow perspective can be defined based on technology acquired by business. The information technology has facilitated the interaction within the international trade and enterprise. Use of internet has turned the world into global market where companies can interact and share ideas and exchange good or services (O'Sullivan, Sheffrin and Steven 2003). Moreover, globalization presents the diversity that exists in terms of business culture, key players, policies that affect international trade and enterprise. Furthermore, diversity in the international trade is facilitated with continuous advance in technology making international trade closer to business than few decades ago. Key players in the international trade can either benefit from globalization or adversely affected by globalization. Though in the broader perspective globalization may seem wider but its impact is felt at the lowest level of supply chain. Effect of globalization is therefore felt by careful o bservation of economic indicators such as GDP, living standards and subsidies on basic commodities. The following paper explores in details the globalization influence on exchange of ideas, good and services between companies and countries leading to international trade (Sorrells, 2012). Positive effects of globalization Globalizing trade and business also comes with certain positive effect on business, trade, nation and organizations. Some of these positive effects of globalization are wider opportunities, increase access to resources and increase international production. Globalization widens the business opportunities for larger and smaller nations as some surplus products can be sold in the international market. Increase globalization of market widens the market for those industries that are heavy producers and this means that goods and services that would otherwise go waste can be sold in the international trade. Smaller nations on the other hand, find international investors hence increasing their developments. In addition, international market gives the local industries opportunity to access international standards that are then translated to the quality of goods produced locally (Kevin et al 2002). Increase in access to technologies and other resources have been attributed to globalization. Any person can access the resources such as capital flow, cheaper imports, technology and larger export market for goods produced locally. Adoption of new technologies used in the international market makes the local production to improve in terms of quality and access to services. Less developed countries can find cheaper imports from the market and likewise export larger volume of goods or services (Babones, 2008). Another positive impact of globalization is the increase in international production as companies put more efforts to produce goods and services for international market. As Kochler (2000) cites with the world turning into global village, main focus of local producers is to produce internationally. International production can be in terms of standards and qualities of goods produced locally with the aim of selling them in the international market. With this focus local industries can increase their production leading to local growth in industries and infrastructures. This international production also increase supply chain and production networks which is the backbone of trade. East Asian countries have experience economic growth resulting from globalization of trade. The economic growth can be seen in the reduction of poverty level and this is witnessed in the increase of GDP per capital. As a result millions citizens has moved from lower poverty level through high concentration in the international trade. Moreover, increase in economic growth closes the technological gap between less developed nations and developed nations. Manufacturing firms within these nations has expanded their production to services. A good example of these East Asian countries is china that has reduced environmental standards leading to expansion of investment. China therefore gives less developed nations incentives in terms of technology to widen their investment opportunities (Sorrells, 2012). Negative effects of globalization Globalization of the international trade is accompanied by certain negatives effects on the individual, business organizations and countries. Some of the debated negative effects of globalization are increasing income inequalities, low developmental growth, low market accessibility for small countries, high risk of currency crisis, loss of culture and low environmental standards. Globalization increases completion among many multinational corporations due to quest to increase profit this increase income inequalities among low income earners and high income earners. Globalization has raised a lot of international competition due to liberalization of trade and reduction in trade restriction between nations. Reduction of market restrictions in the international market is creating extreme disparities between industrialized nations and less industrialized nations. This implies that the variation in terms of income earned in the market continues to widen as industrialized nations are delivering much good and services to the market (Larsson, 2001). Profit maximization is the main objective of transnational companies that has arises as a result of globalization leaving the development at slow rate. Race to globalize trade as left many businesses with high profit expectation with low developmental goal. Every company competes for customers in the market without considering the need to develop their home nations. Slower development is much evident in less developed countries as compared to developed countries (Clayton, 2004). Struggles to maintain customers in the international market have made smaller countries struggle to access the market. According to Zimring and Etkes (2014), the inaccessibility of the market is caused by larger nations which has developed and are putting trade restrictions. Trade restrictions are in terms of standards for goods and services offered in the market. Many developed nations raise standard of their products that are sold to their markets so as to stop those countries still having lower standard goods and services. Some of the restrictions also include regional restriction that protect certain nations that are not part their regional trade blocks (Kuruvilla and Ranganathan, 2008). Globalization has effect on volume and volatility of capital flow causing adverse effect on currency and banking. The need to liberalized currency used in the international trade has left many countries on the edge of currency crisis. Banking institutions in smaller countries are growing weaker with the increase of international payment systems. In addition, the need to create a more uniform currency system weakens the local currency for nations involved in the international trade. Changes in the market capital flow are also evidence of the effect of globalization of trade (Lechner, Frank and John 2011). Another serious effect of globalization of trade is the low environmental standards by nations attracting foreign investors. Many nations especially those less developed nations lower foreign investors to come and invest in their countries. To attract more investors, environmental standards that are required to operate multinational industry are lowered to encourage more investment. According to Low (2002), lower business environment makes the product produced to have low quality or standard as compared to products from other nations. Due to high competitions in the international market, there is need for high quality goods and services. This consequently means products from lower environmental standards do not fit the international market. Globalization is the cause of cultural erosion in the local business or market. The trans-boundary interaction of between different countries or business has led to erosion of local culture as people compete to adopt other cultures from other nations more so developed countries. Furthermore, some developed countries consider their culture to be superior to other culture and therefore are advancing their culture to less developed countries (Bakan, 2004). As business go beyond country and regions, cultural orientation becomes a barrier to accessing international trade. Culture includes the language used in transnational trade and organizational behavior of individual business. Nevertheless, culture of certain group of people also affects the business operation. Adoption of foreign culture results in diminishing of local culture. Example of negative effect of globalization Latin America countries such as Peru liberalized international market in effort to create allow importation of more goods. This had negative effect on the living standard of the citizens, citizens therefore leaves below $1 per day within poverty line. This has created many inequalities between the rich and the poor people. Globalization of trade can be measured in terms of volume of export to the global trade to the GDP of that particular country. Volume of the product that crosses the boundary of a country and the number of employed people within the external trade. In other word terms of trade can also refers to proportion of import price to that of the export prices. At the broader perspective terms of trade in the global view include total world trade volume to the total world production. In the international trade terms of trade can exist between two countries in which case imports of one country can be export of another country (Salvatore, 2008). Countries such as Australia has greatly benefited from globalization of trade. According to Staggenborg (2011), Australia having many primary industries produces many raw materials that account for 50% of exports. This gives Australia a world market of approximately 6.5 billion people raising the value of exports. From statistics, the period by 1981 the GDP was slightly 10% and this has increase to 20% by 2000. In addition exports pay about 25% as compared to other non-export goods and services. Export growth has therefore double in the recent years as compared to the 1970s indicating that Australia has benefited from globalization. The terms of trade between Australia and china forms an index of 93.67 by February 2017 (Babones, 2008). China on the other hand, has its economy growing bigger and bigger though this growth is also characterized by negative effects. The main disadvantage of globalization on china is lower Chinese enterprise at the lowers value chain due to its comparative advantage on labour and exploitation of industrialization. At a narrow perspective only few individual China firms has experience growth due to globalization of trade. Between 1970s and 1980s china suffered from lack of market liberalization (Bakari, 2013). Terms of trade between Australia and Japan stands at the index of 101.90 as compared to index of 57.90 with India. This shows that the terms of trade between Australia and Indonesia remains the highest at 107. 58. Some countries also forms medium trade index with Australia such as UK 101.10 and US 99.82. According to Babones (2008), trade balance for Australias export currently stands at 32405.00 while imports stand at 28832. The overall terms of trade for Australia stand at the index of 102.90. Subsidies in Agriculture, Car industry and solar energy/wind Globalization has positive effect on subsidies that the government gives ton agricultural sector, car industry and solar or wind energy. Firstly, as a country goes beyond its boundaries international trade is widen and high income is earned that is then given to other sectors such as agriculture. Secondly, car industry is some of the beneficiary of globalized market since car and other automotive products are exported for good prices. This is brought back into the industry as subsidies (Hopkins, 2004). Finally, solar or wind energy are also beneficiaries of international trade since government will always finance them from income earned from foreign trades. Example countries with globalization effect on subsidies in agriculture, car industry and solar energy/wind are India, China and America. However there are also negative effects of globalization on Subsidies for Agriculture, Car industry and solar energy/wind. Firstly, the only challenge that exists for agriculture is the need to major on other exports that fetch high price in the global market. Agricultural products sometime fetch low prices in the international market and their durability is lower as compared to other products. This discourages government from offering subsidies to agricultural sector of the country. Secondly, conversions of wind or solar energy into services or goods that can be sold in the international market make it difficult to get more investors in this industry (Vujakovic, 2010). Other countries that are affected by globalization in subsidies in agriculture, car industry and solar energy/wind are Syria, Lebanon and Iraq. Globalization can benefit small countries with less population and GDP yet the country also suffers. Advantages of globalization to a smaller country include access to business opportunities, low poverty rate and increase GDP (Bridges, 2002). Since the population is less as compared to large countries wider opportunity opened by international trade is shared among the low population of that country. Secondly, improved technology that results from globalization improves living conditions of people due to low population. This lowers poverty rate among the citizens of that country. GDP of that country increase since globalization make smaller countries increase production of goods and services (Reinsdorf and Matthew 2009). Living standards of people living in smaller countries with less population improve due to increasing income earned from export of goods and services. This income earned is distributed among the citizens because low population causes low challenges. However, there are some challenges that are caused by globalization on a smaller country with less population. Firstly, less population poses labour challenge and for the smaller country to increase manufacturing industry or production there is need to hire labour from other countries. Secondly, low population of a small country makes that country to have less manpower to carry out services such as research on the international market. Industries in the smaller countries suffer from lack of labour even though resources are there to produce goods. Example of countries with less population is Greenland and Vatican City. Comparative advantage refers to the economic theory where a country that produces a certain product for international trade produces such product at lowest cost. In the comparative advantage terms of trade can exist between two countries each producing a different product at a relatively lower cost makes trade easy due to cheaper goods and services hence gains. For instance, one country may be good producer of cloth as compared to another country that is good in wine production. Suppose this two countries agree to form a good terms of trade, the overall world production of this two different products will rise. Therefore the two countries will each benefit from free trade though each country is inferior to the other on these two products (Maneschi, 1998). Reasons for comparative advantage There are many reasons that enable country to have comparative advantage for producing certain goods or services. Some of these reasons include: diversity of skills, abundant of resources, demographic factors, rates of capital investments, non price competitiveness, institutions and import control tariffs. Firstly, diversity of skill makes one country to produce what they are good at producing. With the diversification of skills employees in industries are employed in job they are good at and this lowers the cost of labor used in production of good in this industry. Therefore the greater the diversity of skill, the greater the opportunity for production of good hence trade (Juris, 2008). Abundant production of natural resources such as mineral that are used in manufacturing of export products makes manufacturing of product easy. Country that produces export product from local abundant resources uses low cost of production. For instance oil producing countries are capable of producing chemicals from oil products. Therefore, these oil producing countries will be manufacturing chemical at a relatively low cost as compared to other countries that does not produce oil but manufacture chemicals. Demographic factors such as population structure and education level of citizens affect quality of labour. This lowers the cost of production for some industries participating in the international trade. Country with cheap labour and therefore, produces goods and services at a relatively lower cost can specialize on such productions hence comparative advantage (Storper, 2000). Example of comparative advantage There are several countries that has comparative advantage in the international trade some of this countries include china and America, England and Portugal. Firstly, comparative advantage between China and United States was based on the provision of cheap labour. United States produces goods and services at lower cost due to specialized capital intensive labour. In addition, United States offers low investment opportunity cost with cheaper labor form China. Secondly, England major in production of clothes as compared to Portugal that majored in the production of wine. England and Portugal entered terms of trade with Portugal in exchange of wine for clothes (Golub and Hsieh, 2000). Comparative advantage can exist between two companies that are also trading on goods and services. There is comparative advantage between American IT Company and call Center Company. India specializes in information communication technology, India therefore has comparative. On the other hand America though good in spoken English trade with India for call center. Therefore, America IT Company and India call Center Company has cheaper trade agreement (Deardorff, 2005). Conclusion In conclusion, globalization is a phenomenon that transcends boundaries of economic, political and social factors. Effects of globalization can be felt in individual country, business organization or individual person. Positive cases of globalization are increase business opportunity, access to global market, increase international production and access to resources. Negative cases of globalization are erosion of local culture, poor access of market by less developed countries, slow local growth high risk of currency crisis and low environmental standards. Another effect of globalization is based on it determination of economic growth and countrys GDP due to expanded market and consequently local production. Globalization of trade influences the terms of trade between two or more countries that are trading together. The terms of trade is closely impacted by the comparative advantage that one country may have for production of goods and services. Globalization has both positive and negative effect on subsidies for agriculture, local industries such as car industry and solar or wind energy. This comparative advantage may create mutual benefit between two countries trading on different product they have comparative advantage for its production. Finally, globalization of international trade and enterprise offers possibility of future fluctuation in technological capabilities. References Babones, S. (15 April 2008), Studying Globalization: Methodological Issues. In George Ritzer. The Blackwell Companion to Globalization. John Wiley Sons, pp.147149. Bakan, Joel (2004), The Corporation. New York, New York: Simon Schuster Bakari, M. El-K. (2013), Globalization and Sustainable Development: False Twins? New Global Studies, 7 (3): 2356. Bridges, G. (2002), Grounding Globalization: The Prospects and Perils of Linking Economic Processes of Globalization to Environmental Outcomes. Economic Geography, 78 (3): 36186 Clayton, T. (2004), Competing Conceptions of Globalization Revisited: Relocating the Tension between World-Systems Analysis and Globalization Analysis. In: Comparative Education Review, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 27494. Deardorff, A. V. (2005), How Robust is Comparative Advantage?. Review of International Economics, 13 (5): 10041016 Golub, S.; C-T Hsieh (2000), Classical Ricardian Theory of Comparative Advantage Revisited. Review of International Economics, 8 (2) pp.221234. Hopkins, A.G. (2004), Globalization in World History. London: Norton, pp. 48. Juris, S. (2008), Networking Futures: The Movements against Corporate Globalization. Durham: Duke University Press. p.2 Kevin, G. et al (2002-04-01). When did globalization begin?. European Review of Economic History, 6 (1): 2350. Kochler, H. (2000), Globality versus Democracy: The Changing Nature of International Relations in the Era of Globalization. Vienna: International Progress Organization. p.35. Kuruvilla, S. and Ranganathan, A. (October 2008). Economic Development Strategies and Macro- And Micro-Level Human Resource Policies: The Case Of India's "Outsourcing" Industry". Industrial Labor Relations Review, 62 (1): 3972. Larsson, T. (2001), The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute. p. 9 Lechner, Frank J. and John B. (eds.) (2011), The Globalization Reader. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell Publishers. Low, N. (2002), Global Ethics and Environment. Routledge Science. Maneschi, A. (1998), Comparative Advantage in International Trade: A Historical Perspective. Cheltenham: Elgar. pp.613. O'Sullivan, A.; Sheffrin, and Steven M. (2003) [January 2002]. Economics: Principles in Action. The Wall Street Journal:Classroom Edition (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall: Addison Wesley Longman. p.444. Reinsdorf, M. and Matthew J. S. (2009), International Trade in Services and Intangibles in the Era of Globalization. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press Salvatore, B. (15 April 2008), Studying Globalization: Methodological Issues. In George Ritzer. The Blackwell Companion to Globalization. John Wiley Sons. p.146 Sorrells, K. (2012), Intercultural Communication Globalization and Social Justice. Thousand Oaks: Sage Pubs Steger, M. (2009), Globalization: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. p.11. Staggenborg, S. (2011), Social movements (Rev. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Storper M. (2000), Lived effects of the Contemporary Economy: Globalization, Inequality, and Consumer Society. Public Culture, 12 (2): 375409. Vujakovic, P (2010), How to Measure Globalization? A New Globalization Index (NGI)". Atlantic Economic Journal, 38 (2): 237. Zimring, A. and Etkes, H. (2014), When Trade Stops: Lessons from the 2007-2010 Gaza Blockade. Journal of International Economics, forthcoming.

Managing Organizational Culture

Introduction In managing an entity, the organisational culture plays a vital role to its success. In reality, the organisation is an amalgamation of different people with varied cultures, which interact to produce a particular and distinct culture(s) that the company has to uphold. Organisations could have one or more cultures as long as those practices could lead to its success.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Organizational Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Essentially, the management has the mandate to make sure that the culture(s) that the entity adopts, are non-controversial or do not impede the articulation of the organisational goals. In this paper, the focus is on two important aspects of organisational management. First, it discusses the degree to which the organisational culture could be managed. Secondly, it seeks to establish whether the organisational culture is critical to its succes s. Meaning of Organisational Culture According to E. Ogbonna and L. Harris, organisational culture is a set of behavior and practices that the company adopt in the productions system in order to achieve success while accomplishing the objectives of the organisation (Ogbonna Harris, 1998). Effectiveness of Organisational Culture In companies, the organisational culture only becomes effective if its leads to profit maximisation in the entity. A sustainable organisation would have effective policies to ensure that the organisational culture(s) are not used in the interest of the individuals, but would be used wisely for the benefit of all. In addition, authentic sustainability could be attained if the company management is willing to explore the emerging new cultural practices, which offer more positive impacts to the organisation (Ogbonna Harris, 1998). Adherence to such cultural practices would be the best mechanism to evaluate the effectiveness of the organisation culture. For the organisation to achieve the desired state of the art cultural environment, it would have to ensure that it minimizes the manner in which the entity segregates its employees. Notably, this management practice would result in unity of the organisation where all stakeholders accept and abide by the cultural practice in the company. Many administrators in the organizations have resorted to using certain cultural connotations that can be eliminated in order to realize the dream of sustainability, a situation showing the effectiveness of the organisational culture (Ogbonna Harris, 1998). Environmental friendly cultures would also lead to interaction of the diversities to develop a way of practice that might lead the organisation to prosperity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An entity should therefore ensure that the cultural attributes, which are likely to ground the company op erations are not allowed. In this case, the organization would also advocate for cultures that are less harmful to the company operations (Werbach, 2009). Organizations that accept and embrace particular culture(s) are easily manageable and could lead it to triumph. For instance, the practices that could create conflict among the employees must be discouraged in totality (Werbach, 2009). Ethical Culture The ethical behavior that that organization applies in order to make sure that it maintains proper relations with its clients, among the employees and with the organization at large would be referred to as organization ethical culture. Thus, the organization employees and other stakeholders ought to behave in a way that is in line with both the law of the country and the business ethical codes. In every business, ethics policy touching on culture should be implemented to guarantee the presence of togetherness between consumers and other workers in the organizations. For sustainabilit y reasons, the organization must ensure that it builds and maintains its cultural status and trust for the company. Therefore, even though the culture of the organization would have an impact on noteworthy, it should ensure sustainability is tied to organisation strategy. Some of the ethical cultures in the organisation include honesty, communication, commitment, discipline, and non-discrimination among others. Managing Organisational Culture The greatest concern of any organisation manager would be to address effectively the cultural issues that could make the organisation unsustainable. Managers and leaders in the organisation would only be confident when there are prospects indicating that the organisation would be sustainable (Ackroyd Crowdy, 1990). However, the cultural environment in which the organisation operates would be very dynamic. Organisation environment has numerous forces, institutions and factors that for instance would be beyond the organisation control and would affect the functioning of the entire organisation. Before the 21st century, organisation managers would only consider profit motive as the greatest function of sustainability, than addressing the cultural issues, which also have adverse effects in its management (Ackroyd Crowdy, 1990. In managing the cultural problems, the leadership in organisation should work very hard to ensure that the cultural diversity is adequately addressed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Organizational Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This approach would make sure that the problems related to cultural confrontations are minimised and subsequently eliminated in the entity. The leaders also believe that if an entity fail to resolve cultural conflict over years, it would be unsustainable due to anticipated wrangles over ethnic affiliations. In this regard, for the organisation to sustain itself the management would ensur e there are strategies to regulate organisation behaviour and subsequent culture (Ackroyd Crowdy, 1990). Sustainability would be equated to profitability, meaning that the culture of the organisation must be inclined to this trend. The ideology has since changed due to the complexities in the organisation culture and environment. Current managers deal with a myriad of cultural issues in order to ensure sustainability and human relationship to the natural world would overtake profit motive in priority. In today’s organisational environment, managers are much more concerned with the cultural problems and influence on the company, thereby contribute on ways of minimising them. Therefore, the managers had realized that the underlying reason for sustainability would be drawn from the analysis of organization’s effect on, and reaction to culture. In the company, there are cultures associated with the relationship among the different stakeholders so that the organisation cou ld sustain the production with minimal conflicts (Ogbonna Harris, 1998). Previously, the managers would externalize the cultural interplay in the organisation, and failed to note that the employees in the company are the major agents of cultural dynamics. This means it is the managers should adopt policies, which can bring together and harmonise the cultural differences among the players in the organisation without prejudice. Research shows that externalization of these cultural contributions to the organisation, without solving the internal problems related to the employee’s cultural practices would only increase the negative effects of organisational culture on the workers’ performance (Ogbonna Harris, 1998).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Externalization of the organisational cultural influences would also threaten the manner in which the entity would operate as well as weakening the social support systems. Notably, the current cultural amalgamation in the organisation is responsible for harmonising the ethnic orientations, thus creating a cultural friendly environment that would expose certain workplace cultures. The managers should evaluate the impacts of cultures on the workers performance and adopt ways, which are not detrimental to the entity. In this case, the cultural factors that threaten the production process could be dealt with without externalising them. In an organisation setup, the concept of externalizing the cultural problems shows the inefficiency and limit entail the achievement of growth and success. The organisation would be sustainable only if it would ensure that the systems, and policies employed, would not be controversial to the articulation of company policies. A sustainable organisation is the one that accepts and harmonizes the cultural diversities, which are found in the company in line with the organisational dominant culture (Ogbonna Harris, 1998). This means the management should be in a position of add value to the employees other than segregating them on cultures. There are organisation cultures, which would be encouraged if they help in educating workers, to achieve prosperity and give yield, and for road maintenance. All these would result from positive cultural attributes for within the environment. In addition, these cultures that the company embraces must be documented in the company journals and scholarly article to aid studies about the company (Ogbonna Harris, 1998). The entity would not pay anything towards the correction of cultural factors that emanates from its operations and employee interaction. The cultures that would be evidenced in the organisation could eliminate the impacts of negative practices in firms, and such should be documented and p resented in the financial accounts of the entity (Meek, 1988). For example, when inter-ethnic cultures clash in the company, then the people ways of life might be prioritized than the company goals, thus reducing productivity in the organisation. Here, the management should take this cultural conflict as an organisation failure and this would gauge an entity’s level of sustainability (Ogbonna Harris, 1998). The consequences of these actions would negatively affect the organisation and general public. The persons outside the entity would not be affected by the organisational culture since he/she does not interact with the management and other workers in the company (Willmott, 1993). The cultural conflict in the organisation would make the innocent persons pay the price of such problems that they did not incur, and referred to as externalization of cultures. The condition would arise when the unrestrained company operations yield undesirable social results (Ogbonna, 1992). Mor eover, consequences like other problems brought about by cultural differences in the work environment, the dangerous practices, for instance, incurs externalization of cultures (Ackroyd Crowdy, 1990) Essence of organisational culture The organisational culture is essential because it helps the company become more sustainable. Progressive organisational culture encourages investors and promotes its development (Werbach, 2009). According to Smircich, the society and organisational cultural environments have become too oriented to making of profits than the environmental safety (Smircich, 1983). In this regard, it is necessary to adhere to organisational practices that would make the company produce items, which are less hazardous to the environment. Since the steady application of the company culture might increase its production qualitatively and quantitatively, the management should resist and eliminate any cropping bad culture in the company (Meek, 1988). Ogbonna suggested that th e organisational culture either makes it productive or less productive depending on its management (Ogbonna, 1992). In this case, positive cultures improves the organisation’s credentials and popularity. This is essential because increasing cultural management practices would help the organisation reduce tension, making it viable and successful (Ogbonna, 1992). Basically, ensuring that the employees embrace organisational culture is vital in ensuring that it progresses and becomes sustainable. The employees are the links between the company and its clients, meaning that the culture that they practice would affect the organisation (Willmott, 1993). The organisation culture is vital as it helps in providing positive feedback and might enable the workers advise the company’s management about the likelihood of a given culture, either being suitable or unsuitable for the organisation (Meek, 1988). Through appropriate organisational culture, the employees would always seek w ays in which they can use to improve their efforts towards ensuring a balance between the individual and the company culture (Barney, 1986. In that aspect, they would achieve significant improvement by ensuring the resources at their disposal are used prudently (Meek, 1988). Therefore, the organisation should only adopt cultures and production practices, which are appropriate and sustainable. Finally, organizational culture is also essential because it makes the employees use the resources of the company for its benefits and not that of the person (Barney, 1986). Conclusion In summary, cultural values, activities, and conduct of people are based on the moral principles of the organisation and ensures that it achieves the objectives. The organisation’s main concern is the cultural behavior of humans in determining the aspect that is right and wrong bearing in mind the accepted conduct and behavior of societies. Lastly, for the organisation to maintain profit advances, producti vity, progress to expansion, and thus sustainability of the organization, it should ensure it reduces its cultural interferences, as much as it maintains profits and productivity. In the end, they must produce quality products and build a reputable organization that people would want to work with and work for. The ethical culture of an organisation should be spelt in the company policy and all the workers should adhere to such guidelines while performing their duties. References Ackroyd, S. Crowdy, P. (1990). â€Å"Can culture be managed? Working with â€Å"raw† material: The case of the English slaughtermen.† Personnel Review, 19(5), 3- 13. Barney, J. (1986). â€Å"Organizational Culture: Can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage?† Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 656-665. Meek, V. (1988). â€Å"Organizational Culture: Origins and Weaknesses.† Organization Studies 9(4), 453-473. Ogbonna, E. (1992). â€Å"Managing Organizational Culture: Fantasy or Reality?† Human Resource Management Journal 3(2), 42-54. Ogbonna, E. Harris, L. (1998). â€Å"Managing Organizational Culture: Compliance or Genuine Change?’† British Journal of Management 9(4), 273-288. Smircich, L. (1983). â€Å"Concepts of Culture and Organizational Analysis.† Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(3), 339-358. Werbach, A. (2009). Strategy for Sustainability: An Organisation Manifesto. Harvard: Harvard Organisation Press. Willmott, H. (1993). â€Å"Strength is ignorance; Slavery is freedom: Managing culture in modern organizations.† Journal of Management Studies, 30(4), 515-552. This essay on Managing Organizational Culture was written and submitted by user Lorelai A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

portrait of the artist as a yo essays

portrait of the artist as a yo essays ird Imagery in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man The works of twentieth-century Irish writer James Joyce resound vividly with a unique humanity and genius. His novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, published in 1916, is a convincing journey through the inner mind and spirit of Stephen Dedalus. Portrayed with incredible fluency and realism, imagery guides the reader through the swift current of growth tangible in the juvenile hero. Above all heavy imagery in the novel is the recurring bird motif. Joyce uses birds to ultimately relate Stephen to the Daedelus myth of the hawklike man; however, these images also exemplify Stephens daily experiences, and longing for true freedom (page169). By using imagery of birds as threatening, images of beauty, and images of escape, the reader can unify the work and better understand Stephens tumultuous journey through life. The opening scene of Chapter one portrays a conversation between a very young Stephen and Dante, Stephens nanny. She scolds him for an unconventional thought, warning him that the eagles will come and pull out [your] eyes(8). This obviously graphic image suggests to Stephen the threatening presence of eagles that are minding all his thoughts. Joyces vividness with such gruesome imagery has a real effect on Stephen; he repeats Dantes caution in his childish song, chanting: Pull out his eyes, Apologize (8). A playful, yet sensitive Stephen must immediately conform Pfeiffer 2 even his innocent unorthodox actions in fear of the threatening phantom eagles to save the consequences they will bring. His thoughts are threatened again by birds when he meets an acquaintance named Heron when walking down a dark street. Stephen immediately notes the peculiar image of Herons bird face as well as a birds name(76). Through descriptive images of Herons mobile face, beaked like a bird...

Struma †a Ship Filled With Jewish Refugees

Struma - a Ship Filled With Jewish Refugees Afraid of becoming victims of the horrors being perpetrated by the Nazis in Eastern Europe, 769 Jews attempted to flee to Palestine on board the ship  Struma. Leaving from Romania on December 12, 1941, they were scheduled for a shortstop in Istanbul. However, with a failed engine and no immigration papers, the Struma  and its passengers  became stuck in port for ten weeks. When it was made clear that no country would let the Jewish refugees land, the Turkish government pushed the still-broken  Struma  out to sea on February 23, 1942. Within hours, the stranded ship was torpedoed- there was only one survivor. Boarding By December 1941, Europe was engulfed in World War II and the Holocaust was fully underway, with mobile killing squads (Einsatzgruppen) killing Jews en masse and huge gas chambers being planned at Auschwitz. Jews wanted out of Nazi-occupied Europe but there were few ways to escape. The  Struma  was promised a chance to get to Palestine. The  Struma  was an  old, dilapidated, 180-ton,  Greek cattle ship that  was extremely ill-equipped for this journey - it had only one bathroom for all 769 passengers and no kitchen. Still, it offered hope.   On December 12, 1941, the  Struma  left Constanta,  Romania under a Panamanian flag, with  Bulgarian captain G. T. Gorbatenko in charge.   Having  paid an exorbitant price for passage on the Struma, the passengers hoped that the ship could safely make it to its short, scheduled stop at Istanbul (ostensibly to pick up their Palestinian immigration certificates) and then on to Palestine. Waiting in Istanbul The trip to Istanbul was difficult because the Strumas  engine kept breaking down, but they did reach Istanbul safely in three days. Here, the Turks would not allow the passengers to land. Instead, the Struma was anchored offshore in a quarantine section of the port. While attempts were made to repair the engine, the passengers were forced to stay on board - week after week. It was in Istanbul that the passengers discovered their most serious problem thus far on this trip - there were no immigration certificates awaiting them. It had all been part of a hoax to jack-up the price of the passage. These refugees were attempting (though they had not known it earlier) an illegal entry into Palestine. The British, who were in control of Palestine, had heard of the Strumas voyage and had thus requested the Turkish government prevent the Struma from passing through the Straits. The Turks were adamant that they did not want this group of people on their land. An effort was made to return the ship to Romania, but the Romanian government would not allow it. While the countries debated, the passengers were living a miserable existence on board. On Board Though traveling on the dilapidated Struma  had perhaps seemed endurable for a few days, living on board for weeks upon weeks began to cause serious physical and mental health problems. There was no fresh water on board and the provisions had quickly been used up. The ship was so small that not all the passengers could stand above deck at once; thus, the passengers were forced to take turns on the deck in order to get a respite from the stifling hold.* The Arguments The British did not want to allow the refugees into Palestine because they were afraid that many more shiploads of refugees would follow. Also, some British government officials used the often cited excuse against refugees and emigrants- that there could be an enemy spy among the refugees. The Turks were adamant that no refugees were to land in Turkey. The Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) had even offered to create an on a land camp for the Struma refugees fully funded by the JDC, but the Turks would not agree. Because the Struma was not allowed into Palestine, not allowed to stay in Turkey, and not allowed to return to Romania, the boat and its passengers remained anchored and isolated for ten weeks. Though many were sick, just one woman was allowed to disembark and that was because she was in the advanced stages of pregnancy. The Turkish government then announced that if a decision was not made by February 16, 1942, they would send the Struma back into the Black Sea. Save the Children? For weeks, the British had adamantly denied the entry of all the refugees aboard the  Struma, even the children. But as the Turks deadline neared, the British government acquiesced to allow some of the children to enter Palestine. The British announced that children between the ages of 11 and 16 on the  Struma  would be allowed to immigrate. But there were problems with this. The plan was that the children would disembark, then travel through Turkey to reach Palestine. Unfortunately, the Turks remained stringent on their rule of allowing no refugees onto their land. The Turks would not approve this over-land route. In addition to the Turks refusal to let the children land, Alec Walter George Randall, Counsellor in the British Foreign Office, aptly summarized an additional problem: Even if we get the Turks to agree I should imagine that the process of selecting the children and taking them from their parents off the   Struma  would be an extremely distressing one. Who do you propose should undertake it, and has the possibility of the adults refusing to let the children go been considered?** In the end, no children were let off the  Struma. Set Adrift The Turks had set a deadline for February 16. By this date, there was still no decision. The Turks then waited a few more days. But on the night of February 23, 1942, Turkish police boarded the  Struma  and informed its passengers that they were to be removed from Turkish waters. The passengers begged and pleaded - even put up some resistance - but to no avail. The  Struma  and its passengers were towed approximately six miles (ten kilometers) from the coast and left there. The boat still had no working engine (all attempts to repair it had failed). The  Struma  also had no fresh water, food, or fuel. Torpedoed After just a couple of hours drifting, the Struma  exploded. Most believe that a Soviet torpedo hit and sank the  Struma. The Turks did not send out rescue boats until the next morning - they only picked up one survivor (David Stoliar). All 768 of the other passengers perished. * Bernard Wasserstein, Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945 (London: Clarendon Press, 1979) 144.** Alec Walter George Randall as quoted in Wasserstein, Britain 151. Bibliography Ofer, Dalia. Struma.  Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Ed. Israel Gutman. New York: Macmillan Library Reference USA, 1990. Wasserstein, Bernard.  Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945. London: Clarendon Press, 1979. Yahil, Leni.  The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Car Accidents in Saudi Arabia Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Car Accidents in Saudi Arabia - Research Proposal Example   According to the figures by the Saudi health ministry, 598, 300 accidents occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2012(Toumi, 2015). These figures show that an average of 1,614 accidents occurred every single day in Saudi Arabia, and 67 accidents an hour. A look at the history of traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia shows that the problem of traffic accidents is among the greatest causes of death in Saudi Arabia; the history of traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia also shows that the rate of traffic accident in Saudi Arabia has been increasing steadily since 1971 (Ansari, Akhdar, Mandoorah, and Moutaery, 2000). According to the public health statistics, between 1971 and 1997, 564, 762 people died or were injured in traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia. During this period, 66, 914 people were confirmed dead due to road accidents in Saudi Arabia (Ansari, Akhdar, Mandoorah, and Moutaery, 2000). This means that between the years 1971-1997, one person died and four people were injured in every single Houthis high rate of road accidents has been attributed to over speeding and disobeying of traffic rules and regulations by the drivers in Saudi Arabia. A further look at the recent history of road accidents in Saudi Arabia shows that there has been significant increase e in the rate of accidents in Saudi Arabia between 2009- 2012. This increase in the rate of accidents in Saudi Arabia has been caused by chaotic driving culture and blatant violation of traffic regulations by some dishonest drivers.

Seoul City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Seoul City - Essay Example Ostensibly, the Korean people learned how a conflict can paralyze the economy of a country. The term is a representation of rapid industrialization, urbanization, economic boom, education boom, technological advancement, skyscraper boom, a rise in living standards and modernization. This culminated in the successful hosting of the 1988 Summer Olympics Championship. Additionally, Seoul City co-hosted the 2002- FIFA World Cup. Consequently, the country transformed from the near destruction of the Korea War into globalization and democratization. The city is celebrated as wealthy, developed with sound economic viability and exerting a global economic influence (The Korean Economy - the Miracle on the Hangang River). Currently, it boasts of prominent multinational companies such as Samsung, Hyundai-Kia, and LG. More specifically, the term refers to the economic growth of Seoul city through which River Han flows. It is fascinating to note that it is termed a ‘miracle’ as it r epresents the economic rebirth of the country between the periods 1961 to 1996. Initially, the country was crippled by the Korean War that saw an escalation of poverty levels and unemployment rates. Interestingly, in less than four years, Seoul became a global city, a highly developed economic hub, center of business and commerce. It opened grounds for technological advancement and the development of communication infrastructure. Currently, the inhabitants consider the opulence as national pride as well as a symbol of self-sufficiency.

Analysis of Phosphate Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Phosphate Essay The aim of the experiment is to determine the concentration of phosphate ions in unknown samples. A series of dilution of known concentration is performed from the phosphate working solution. Each of the prepared working standards, the unknown samples and the blank are then made to react with a mixed reagent which have been prepared after acid wash of the glasswares Glassware * 2 Beakers * 11 conical flasks * 9 Volumetric flasks 50 ml * 1 Volumetric flasks 1000 ml * Pipette type 1 Pipette 25 ml * Stir rod * 11cuvette * Spectrophotometer Chemical needs; hazards and safety precautions: 1. Sulphuric acid It is very hazardous in case of skin contact. It is classified as corrosive, irritant and permeator. Safety needs: Lab coats,safety goggles and gloves should be worn to minimize risk of contact. In case of: †¢Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention immediately. †¢Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Cold water may be used. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately. †¢Serious Skin Contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical attention. †¢Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention immediately. 2. ammonium heptimolybdate Ammonium heptimolybdate e is harmful if swallowed or inhaled. It causes irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. It affects kidneys and blood Safety measures: Lab coats,safety goggles and gloves should be worn to minimize risk of contact. 3. Potassium antimonyl tartrate Slightly hazardous in case of ingestion. Non-corrosive for skin. Non-sensitizer for skin. 4. Ascorbic acid Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Safety measures: Lab coats, safety goggles and gloves should be worn to minimize risk of contact. 5. Hydrochloric acid Concentrated hydrochloric acid forms acidic mists. Both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue, with the potential to damage respiratory organs, eyes, skin, and intestines. The HCL should be used in a fume hood and personal protective equipment such as rubber or PVC gloves, protective eye goggles, and chemical-resistant clothing such as lab coats should be used to minimize risk when handling hydrochloric acid. Procedures and calculations. * All of the glassware’s to be used are to be washed with acid (HCL) and then with distilled water. * Nine standards, a blank and 2 random sample are going to be analysed. * Prepare a series of working standards in the range of 10-500 µg NO2-N/L * To 50 cm3 of each working standard and sample add 1. 0 cm3 of sulphanilamide, mix and stand for 2 minutes Calculations 1ml = 0. 5  µg of NO2- 1000 ml of solution contain = 10 ml of NO2- (100  µg) 50 ml of solution contain = 1 ml of NO2- (10  µg) SN| Volume of standardPHOSPHATE solution (s)| Volume ofwater| Concentration| Absorbance| 1. | 1. 0| 49| 10| 0. 003| 2. | 2. 0| 45| 50| 0. 035| 3. | 3. 0| 40| 100| 0. 058| 4. | 4. 0| 35| 150| 0. 074| 5. | 5. 0| 30| 200| 0. 099| Blank| 0| 50| 0| 0. 000| Sample A1| | 0. 022| Sample B1| | 0. 068| Result A Graph of absorbance (OD) against concentration ( µg). Using the equation (y=mx+b) to determine concentration of samples. Let Y equal the concentration. This is what will be solved for. Let X equal the absorbency of the sample. This is the absorbency measured by the spectrophotometer Allow â€Å"to equal the slope and b to equal the y-intercept y= 0. 019 x + 0. 947 Concentration of Sample 1 Absorbance of sample A1 = 0. 022 y= 0. 019 (0. 022) + 0. 947 = 0. 947 Concentration of unknown sample 2 Absorbance of sample B2 = 0. 068 y= 0. 019 (0. 068) + 0. 947 = 0. 948 Discussion The concentration phosphate ion in of samples D and E were determined In this experiment I determined the concentration of phosphate ion in samples D and E. These values were determined by obtaining data from solutions of known concentration. These solutions were placed in the spectrophotometer and then by plotting a graph of absorbance vs. concentration, an equation was produced from which the unknown concentration were determined Conclusion From the result of the experiment, it was determined that the relationship between concentration and absorbance is linear. The amount of light absorbed by a solution varies directly with solute concentration.

Flattery Holds The Key :: essays research papers

It's a Saturday night and you want to go out for the evening. To do this you need the car, what do you do? Flattery is the way to go: " Mom, did you lose weight? You look amazing! Is that a new hair color? New outfit? " Your mom is so flattered that when you ask for the car she doesn't need to think twice before she hands you the keys. From that point on, you know that whenever you want something all you have to do is put on the charm, flash that big smile and tell a few white lies. After this your wish is their command. Why is this? Well, as you can see flattery will get you everywhere. Even Shakespeare knew the powers of flattery. He portrays in flattery in the play King Lear by the characters Regan and Goneril. It is clear that flattery makes every goal attainable whether it be wealth, power and even the most sacred emotion love. It is unimaginable that a father would divide his wealth among his children according to their skills in flattery. All parents are supposed to love their children at an equal level, no matter how much their child flatters them. Which parent would think to ask their children to outdo each other in a battle of words to win their money and material goods. This is the case in Shakespeare's King Lear. Even in the first scene Lear is asking his daughters which one of them loves him more. " Which of you shall we say doth love us most? That we our largest bounty may extend" (I,i, 52-53). With this demand of knowing who loves him more, Lear offers a reward, all his land. This reward is key to the show of emotion each daughter displays to please her father. His two older daughters jump at the opportunity to compliment and flatter their father, but their words are empty promises and lies. These two daughter are only kind to Lear when he has money: The wise fool tells Lear that only wh en there is a reward will he be treated kindly by his children. "Fathers that wear rags/ Do make their children blind;/ But fathers that bear bags/ Shall see their children kind" (II,iv,48-51). Regan and Goneril feed their father pretty words on a silver platter and Lear swallows every lie.

Relation to marriage Essay

Acclaimed as the â€Å"Father of English Literature† and â€Å"the English Homer† before William Shakespeare, Geoffrey Chaucer, the writer of The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale, was born to a middle-class family in ca. 1343 and was once a member of the house of Elizabeth, Countess of Ulster. Regarded as one of the most famous and significant poets in the medieval period, Chaucer was well-known for his use of dream-vision form, his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales (ca. 1387), and more importantly, his contribution to the English language by importing more than 1000 new words that were derived from foreign languages. In The Wife of Bath’s Prologue, Chaucer’s precise presentation of the Wife of Bath’s â€Å"experience† (line 1) of marriage, which she believes to be â€Å"right ynough for [her] to speke of wo that is [inside]† (lines 1 – 3), brings forth to her convincing arguments about marriage. Obviously in the beginning of the Prologue, Chaucer suggests the idea of the Wife of Bath as being a five-time, experienced married woman, whose first marriage experience comes when she is only â€Å"twelf year of age† (line 4). The wise woman is without doubt an advocate of marriage, as she is always ready to ‘fight back’ all kinds of attacks concerning her marrying five times with her strong, convincing arguments with references to the Bible – although she â€Å"graunte it wel† (line 101) the truth that â€Å"[one] does well not to marry† (1 Corinthians 7.1), as â€Å"it would be better to continue to live alone† (1 Corinthians 7. 8) as a widow, the Wife of Bath strongly believes that there is nothing wrong to marry more than once, as she always agrees with the idea that â€Å"to be wedded is no sinne† (line 57) as long as â€Å"[her] housbonde is fro the world agoon† (line 53) – according to her idea, it is of â€Å"no repreve† (line 90) and â€Å"withouten exception of bigamye† (line 92) to â€Å"wedde if that [her] make [dies]† (line 91). Despite the advices from other men, who â€Å"[keep on] [conseiling] [her] to be oon† (line 72), she is convinced that she does the right thing as there is no law that forbids her marrying, and whether to marry is up to her â€Å"owene juggement† (line 74) and decision. Her firm belief and strong arguments are, in my opinion, the results of her awareness of the law and her situation in the society, as well as her understanding of the Bible. Regardless of the higher values of maidenhood, the Wife of Bath believes that marriage is of the same importance as virginity as it is God who â€Å"[tells] us to wexe and multoplye† (line 28) and it is impossible to do so without marriage. In her argument about virginity and marriage, she likens wives as â€Å"barly breed† (line 150), which â€Å"[the] Lord Jesu [uses] to [refressh] many a man† (line 152). Such metaphor, in my view, works well to emphasize the importance of wives (â€Å"barly breed†), despite its inferiority to the purity of virginity, which she likens as â€Å"breed of pured whete seed† (line 149). The Wife of Bath, furthermore, believes that marriage suits her the best and is what she desperately needs, as it is her will to â€Å"bistowe the flour of al [her] age in th’actes and in fruit of marriage† (line 118 – 119) – it will definitely be a disaster for her if she has to â€Å"laden al [her] lif in chastitee† (line 100), despite the fact that â€Å"virginitee is great perfeccioun, and continence [is] with devocioun† (line 111 – 112), which is according to the Almighty God, the way to live a perfect life.

‘I’m ceded †I’ve stopped being Theirs-‘(Emily Dickinson) Essay

The theme of Poem 508 Im ceded Ive stopped being Theirs- is the exploration of the narrators growth from childhood to adulthood, through the development of spiritual consciousness. The reader is immediately made aware that the narrator has undergone a dramatic change. With the use of the word ceded, there is the sense that something has been given away. It is usually territory that is the object of this verb and so its unusual application to a person captures the readers attention. Furthermore, it is punctuated by Dickinsons familiar dash which isolates and emphasises it as if it were followed by an exclamation mark. This expression appears to be an exclamation of relief to be freed from the obligations of the expectations of her parents and this interpretation is supported by her statement -Ive stopped being Theirs-. This is a strong, almost defiant statement, which seems to be a declaration of liberation and individual existence and identity. The forced caesura created by the use of dashes on either side of the statement indicates a rupture. The use of ceded makes it sound as if it is not a person who is being discussed and the sense of the impersonal is further developed in the way that Dickinson refers to The name. The narrator is not taking ownership of the name and emphasises this with is finished using now, implying it was temporarily borrowed. Similarly, the narrator does not take ownership of the spirituality of the Baptism They dropped upon my face. The narrator does not regard it as holy, thereby rejecting the sense of divinity. The narrators childhood is finished And They can put it with my Dolls,. In this phase of life she has no use for the toys. Equally she has no use for The name. It is noticeable that name is not capitalised illustrating its lack of importance for the narrator. In this first stanza, there is also the rejection of and moving on from the string of spools, and threading which are typically womanly pursuits. The narrator used to obediently follow such activities but she daringly declares her rejection of traditional, female roles. The dashes on either side of too give this declaration an anxious, breathless quality, further indicating the narrators audacity. In the second stanza, the reader is alerted to the narrators development and growth; it transcends beyond the physical development of the child to adult,  to the spiritual development culminating into her entering into a covenant with God. The narrator is aware that to have been Baptized, before, without the choice does not have significance. The Baptism before is the imposition of her parents beliefs and values. By rejecting their religious beliefs, the narrator is also rejecting their name and the imposition of feminine activities, thus asserting herself as a strong, adult woman who is free to make her own choices. As in Poem 324 Some keep the Sabbath going to Church-, Dickinson emphasises the importance of choice; in Poem 508, the narrator objects to her parents values and beliefs, together with the religious expression of the community. Similarly, in Poem 324, the narrator rejects the way in which the majority of people choose to observe the Sabbath, preferring to keep it, staying at Home-. The Poem ends with the narrator stating So instead of getting to Heaven, at last -/ Im going, all along. This seems to pre-empt the ending of Poem 508, in which the narrator concludes I choose, just a Crown-, showing that through the course of both poems, Dickinson grapples with the issue of religious belief and its expression, arriving at the conclusion that she will engage with religion in her own way, indicating that both Dickinson and the narrator have grown by the end of the poems. Paradoxically, in her sonnet Tears Elizabeth Barrett Browning, whose poetry influenced Dickinson, talks about an unconscious refusal to grow. She advocates that the reader look up! †¦ And leave the vision clear for stars, yet she seems to be refusing to do so herself preferring to keep hold of her grief for fear of again losing what she mourn s for. The narrators second Baptism contrasts dramatically with her first, this time, consciously, of Grace-; her spiritual growth is evident. Gods Grace allows the narrator salvation from Original Sin. By choosing freely to participate in a second Baptism, the narrator is embracing a religious and spiritual life and is Called to my Full. It appears that she is undergoing an epiphany. Through this transcendent experience, the narrator is completed, connecting with the spirituality of God. With the use of supremest, Dickinson is able to convey both God as the Supreme Being and the supreme name bestowed upon the narrator by Gods Grace. By referring to her small Diadem filling up Existences whole Arc, the narrator suggests that her  soul has expanded, thus demonstrating her spiritual growth. In the third and final stanza, Dickinson contrasts the life of her narrator pre-epiphany, with that post-epiphany. My second Rank too small the first- Dickinson makes the reader aware of the enormous impact that the epiphany has had on the narrator. In the previous stanza, Dickinson described how the narrator filled up, and now she allows the reader to see how it has influenced her life, through the direct comparison between the size of her existence before the epiphany and the size of it afterwards. With her words, she creates a picture of the repression of her childhood, symbolising this with the half unconscious Queen- on her Fathers breast. In holding the narrator to him, her father is simultaneously protecting her and repressing her. Dickinsons earlier denunciation of [Their] values, along with her final declaration of the right to choose illustrates a Romantic desire to be herself. Dickinson clearly believes that her first Baptism lacked significance, due to her unconscious state. This time however, the narrator is said to be Erect; literally she is no longer a baby who is unable to stand, and needs the support of her Fathers breast. Furthermore it is a strong visual image, symbolising her full adult status. The narrator has clearly grown through the course of Poem 508; physically she has grown from a baby to a strong, independent woman, yet more importantly, she has grown spiritually. The narrator has been selected by God to be saved from Original Sin and the magnitude and significance of this cannot be overstated. It is evident from many of her poems that Dickinson despises the way in which the Calvinist community placed a greater importance on religious ceremony than on the meaning behind it. The narrator therefore appears grateful that God has recognised her inner spirituality over the ostentatious actions of others which can lack sincerity. The narrators contemplation throughout the poem results in her coming to a conclusion at the end. This is reflected by the rhyme scheme of the poem; whilst the first and second stanzas lack an apparent rhyming sequence, Dickinson employs rhyme and off-rhyme in the third stanza, demonstrating a subtle movement towards a more harmonious existence, thus ending with the optimistic sense of growth. Bibliography McNeil, Helen ed., Emily Dickinson: Everymans Poetry, Orion Publishing Group, 1997http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinismhttp://www.quotesandpoem.com/poems/poeticworks/Browning/Poems_of_1844/11

Calcium transport study of SF-9 lepidopteran cells Essays

Calcium transport study of SF-9 lepidopteran cells Essays Calcium transport study of SF-9 lepidopteran cells and bull frog sympathetic ganglion cells PHM499 Research Project Calcium transport study of SF-9 lepidopteran cells and bull frog sympathetic ganglion cells ABSTRACT The intracellular calcium level and the calcium efflux of the bull-frog sympathetic ganglion cells (BSG) and the SF-9 lepidopteran ovarian cells were investigated using a calcium-sensitive fluorescence probe fura-2. It was found that the intracellular calcium levels were 58.2 and 44.7 nM for the BSG cells and SF-9 cells respectively. The calcium effluxes following zero calcium solution were 2.02 and 1.33 fmolecm-2s-1 for the BSG cells and SF-9 cells. The calcium effluxes following sodium orthovanadate (Na2VO4) in zero calcium solution were 6.00 and 0.80 fmolecm-2s-1 for the BSG cells and the SF-9 cells. The SF-9 cells also lost the ability to extrude intracellular calcium after 2-3 applications of Na2VO4 while the BSG cells showed no apparent lost of calcium extruding abilities for up to 4 applications of Na2VO4. INTRODUCTION Spodoptera frugiperda clone 9 (SF-9) cells are a cultured insect cell line derived from the butterfly ovarian tissue. SF-9 cells are used by molecular biologists for the studies of gene expression and protein processing (Luckow and Summers, 1988). However, there is not much known about these cells' basic biophysiology. Since calcium is involved in many cells' activities such as acting as a secondary messenger, it is important for cells to control their intracellular calcium level. This study was aimed toward looking at the some of the basic properties of the SF-9 cells such as resting calcium concentration and rate of calcium extrusion after being calcium level being raised by an ionophore 4-bromo-A23187. The effect of sodium orthovanadate (an active transport inhibitor) on calcium extrusion was also looked at. Microspectrofluorescence techniques and the calcium-sensitive probe fura-2 were used to measure the intracellular calcium concentration of these cells. In addition, the BSG ce lls were used to compare with the SF-9 cells for the parameters that were studied. It was found that the SF-9 cells appeared to have a calcium concentration similar to the BSG cells. Moreover, the calcium extrusion rates of both cell types with no Na2VO4 added seemed to the same. However, due to insufficient data, the effects of Na2VO4 could not be statistically analyzed. From the data available, it suggested that the BSG cells' rate of calcium extrusion was enhanced by the Na2VO4 and was greater than the SF-9 cells. It was more important to note that the calcium extruding capabilities of the SF-9 cell seemed to impaired after two to three applications of Na2VO4 but it had apparent effects on the BSG cells even up to 4 applications. After obtaining these basic parameters, many questions raised such as how does the SF-9 cells extrude their calcium and why the Na2VO4 affected the calcium efflux for the SF-9 cells but not the BSG cells? The SF-9 cells may have a calcium pump or exchanger to extrude their calcium and they may be very sensitive to the ATP (adenosine 3'-triphosphate) supply. This was apparently different from the BSG cells' since their calcium extrusion were not affected by the Na2VO4.. It may be useful to find the mechanism(s) of the actions of Na2VO4 on the SF-9 cells because it may find possible applications in agriculture such as pest control. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals and solutions 4-bromo-A23187 and Fura-2/AM were purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). Na2VO4 was purchased from Alomone Lab (Jerusalem, Israel). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was obtained from J. T. Baker Inc. (Phillipsburg, NJ). All other reagents were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). The normal Ringer's solution (NRS) contained (mM): 125 NaCl, 5.0 KCl, 2.0 CaCl2, 1.0 MgSO4, 10.0 glucose, 10.0 N-[2-hydroxyethyl] piperazine-N'-[2-ethanesulfonic acid] (HEPES). The calcium free Ringer solution (0CaNRS) is the same as the NRS except CaCl2 was substituted with 2.0 mM ethylene glycol-bis(b-aminoehtyl) ether N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Fura-2/AM solution was prepared as follows: a stock solution of 1mM fura-2/AM in DMSO was diluted 1:500 in NRS containing 2% bovine albumin. It was then sonicated for 10 minutes. It was then kept frozen until the day of the experiment. 20 SYMBOL 109 f "Symbol"M 4-bromo-A23187 solution was prepared by diluting a stock of 5mM 4-bromo-A23187 in DMSO 1:250 with NRS. Na2VO4 solution (VO4NRS) contained 100 SYMBOL 109 f "Symbol"M. Na2VO4 in 0CaNRS. All experiments were

Spanish Idioms Using Haber

Spanish Idioms Using Haber Like many other common verbs, haber is used to form a variety of idioms. As phrases whose meanings dont depend on the literal meanings of the individual words, idioms can be somewhat challenging to learn. But they are a necessary part of language, and some of them using haber express everyday concepts and are used often. Following are the most common idioms using haber. For other usages of haber, see lessons on its use as an auxiliary verb and as a translation for there is or there are. Also note that the conjugation of haber is highly irregular. haber (in the third-person singular) que infinitive - to be necessary to, to be essential to - Hay que comer. It is necessary to eat. Habr que salir a las tres. It will be necessary to leave at 3. haber de infinitive - to be to, to be supposed to - Hemos de salir a las tres. We are to leave at 3. He de viajar a Nueva York. I am supposed to go to New York. haber de infinitive - must (in the sense of showing high probability) - Ha de ser inteligente. He must be intelligent. Habà ­a de ser las nueve de la noche. It must have been 9 p.m. habà ­a una vez (or, less frequently, hubo una vez) - Once upon a time ... - Habà ­a una vez un granjero que tenà ­a una granja muy grande. Once upon a time there was a farmer with a very large farm. no haber tal - to be no such thing - No hay tal cosa como un almuerzo gratis. Theres no such thing as a free lunch.  ¡Quà © hubo!,  ¡Quihà ºbole! (regional variation) - Hi! Whats happening? No hay de quà ©. - Dont mention it. Its n ot important. No big deal. habà ©rselas con - to have it out with, to quarrel with - Me las habà ­a con mi madre. I had it out with my mother.  ¿Cunto hay de ... ? - How far is it from ... ? -  ¿Cunto hay de aquà ­ al parque nacional? How far is it from here to the national park?  ¿Quà © hay?  ¿Quà © hay de nuevo? - Whats happening? Whats new? he aquà ­ - here is, here are. - He aquà ­ una lista de nombres. Here is a list of names. Heme aquà ­. - Here I am. He lo aquà ­. He lo allà ­. He los aquà ­. He los allà ­. - Here it is. There it is. Here they are. There they are.  ¡He dicho! - And thats that! Keep in mind also that many expressions use hay. Although the meaning of many of them can be deduced from the words, they arent necessarily translated literally. For example, hay sol (literally, there is sun) is often used for it is sunny, and  ¡eres de lo que no hay! (literally, you are of that which there are none) can be used for youre unbelievable! or something like that.

PROCESS ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PROCESS ANALYSIS - Essay Example The student should also research on each of sampled universities’ global rankings. The research allows a student to identify features of different universities’ courses and to compare expected cost and benefits from each university. Once a student has researched and selected few universities of interest, he or she decides on the course for application. This step also requires research for identifying available courses in each university and scope of each course. The student then review minimum requirements for the identified course in each university then select a course in a university for which the student’s qualifications meet. This is because different universities have different minimum qualifications for same courses. The student should then research on the chosen university’s application method, choose his or her preferred college, and apply according to the university’s approved method. Research is therefore the basis of a successful application process to an overseas university. This is because research provides all the necessary information that is important for making decisions in the application process. It also identifies the required mode of

Second Assignment PS 321 Introduction to Political Economy

Second PS 321 Introduction to Political Economy - Assignment Example In political science, it simply implies the level of actors at which a researcher will aggregate the data. In any study, the choice of actors or the unit of analysis has a bearing on the final generalization that is given by a study. In this perspective, the emergence of fallacies on the conclusion of a study will be as a result of not properly identifying the unit of analysis. In a study about the geopolitics of a country, for instance, the focus of the research could be trade relations. The selection of the actors in this study due to the interest and ideas about the actor could lead to a level of complications like cross referencing or fallacies (Babbie 2013). This article examines the possible set of units that relate to a research question about the geopolitics of China and its international partners in trade. Specifically, the units of analysis that relate to the research are discussed in details. It also observes the relevance of the units of analysis that will be selected for the investigation on the topic. Depending on the research question and the motivation of the researcher, the development of the appropriate actors or even the units of analysis could be difficult or just impossible. In this case, the use of cross-referencing is used to create a correlation of the available information to the unit of analysis that has been selected. The difficulty in obtaining the data about the unit of study may also lead to the absence of this ambiguity which seldom happens, the choice of the unit of study is simplified. Problems like the ecological fallacy that results from using data that is meant for a group to make generalization is avoided. In the case of geopolitical analysis of China and the trade relations, the major unit of analysis is the country which is China. This choice is provoked by the fact that much of the data that will be collected on the topic for purposes of analysis will have to do

Relation between Media and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Relation between Media and Culture - Essay Example The researcher asserts that the mass communication takes place in a particular people at a given time in a particular location. Perhaps there must be something that dictates such a people to be together. The researchers found out that those people stay together work together because of sharing common ideas and expressions, which he terms as a culture. The researchers discovered that such media has to affect the way such people in a community live or express themselves, which is an impact on culture either positively or negatively. Culture is defined in simple terms as expressed and shared morals, attitude, observes and philosophies in a given group of people.The second article is entitled â€Å"the implied audience in media and cultural theory† By Sonia Livingston.The article generally gives a view that the media has to a bigger extend globalized culture more especially the world is taking on the western culture. The article is focusing on the contemporary of the mass media, s uch as the Internet, satellites, and television that can send a message and received by almost everyone in every corner of the world. The researcher asserts that if the world did not have such a mass media it would be difficult to transmit such Western culture to the rest of the world. The researcher cites some examples such as Nike shoes, rock music or Coca-Cola drinks. The researcher also talks of an international communication theory and research, where he introduces cultural imperialism from the western world to the rest of the world.

Developing Teamwork in Project Management

Developing Teamwork in Project Management To achieve stated goals and objectives people in organizations work in teams. These teams go through various stages. The extent to which project leadership success or failure, relates to the stages of teams formation, in the pursuance of these goals and objectives are not clear cut as past researches have given divided opinion and bringing other factors in contention. This assignment will introduce the concept of team formation and project leadership and critically discuss the extent to which the stages of team formation relate to the success or failure of project leadership. Introduction To critically evaluate how the stages of team formation relate to the success or failure of project leadership, Tuckmans team building model which explain the five forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning stages of the team formation (please see appendix 1) and Blanchards situational leadership model which explain the four leadership styles that a leader should adopt during the team development situations will be evaluated as the team behaviour and leadership style can be clearly seen in these two models. Tuckmans model emphasis that as the team develops, the leader changes leadership style. At the forming stage a successful leader follow a directing style which is similar to telling phase described in situational leadership model, at the storming stage leader coaches their team to come out from the conflict which is similar to the selling phase of the situational leadership style model, at the norming stage the leader facilitates its team to develop standards which is s imilar to the participating phase of the situational leadership model, at the performing stage leader delegate task to the members and almost detached which is similar to the delegating stage of the situational leadership model. Tuckmans team building model Blanchards situational leadership model Discussion The different stages of team building and their relation to the success or failure to the project leadership are explained as follow: Stage 1 Forming: At this stage the team initially formed, the team members meet each other; identify the purpose of the team, terms of reference and its composition. Team members endeavor to test each other, establish their personal identity and create an impression within the group with most consideration given to structure of the team, code of conduct, objectives, individual roles and responsibilities. If the team is more diverse, it is more difficult for the team to maneuver through as this stage takes longer. Therefore, in the formation of multicultural teams it is a particularly sensitive stage as it is characterized by commonality, courtesy, caution and confusion. To take the team to the performing stage leadership is crucial. Team members will not be comfortable if there is lack of clarity. If a leader could not direct the team members effectively, team would not able to reach the next stages of the team formation; therefore this stage does impact the success or failure of the project leadership. When team members truly consider that they are the part of a team, generally this stage is complete. Member competencies needed: Leadership competencies needed: Asking open-ended questions Maintaining equity and being fair Listening without making assumptions and judgments Helping the group to articulate its purpose and overriding goal Observing group patterns of communication Facilitating discussions Using inclusive communication patterns Intervening to include all Disclosing ones needs appropriately Stage 2 Storming: This phase of team development is typically marked by conflict between team members, criticism and tension. Conflict arises due to the competing approaches to obtain the groups goals, disagreements over responsibilities and appropriate task related behavior. Team members might disagree about who should be leading the team and how much power the team leader should have and can result in redefining of the teams overall goals and specific tasks. Team members are likely to individually decide their level of commitment to the group tasks and extent, to which they like the team tasks, therefore may resist the control imposed by the team. At storming stage the team members may begin to withdraw, therefore this stage relates to the success or failure of the project leadership. If leaders coach their teams effectively, teams can proceed to the next stage. Therefore this stage is a critical stage for the group survival and effectiveness as the conflict harms the team progress and negatively affects some interpersonal relationship. When teams control is no longer resisted by the team members and everyone in the team agree about who will lead the team, this storming stage is completed. Member competencies needed: Leadership competencies needed: Using inclusive language and behaviors Establishing an agreed-upon work plan Managing emotional expression Using mediation skills Giving and receiving feedback appropriately Using diverse methods of feedback and conflict transformation Stage 3 Norming: At this stage norms and expectations about what different members are responsible for doing are realize and develop as the team delineates task standards, develop intra group cohesiveness and establish standards, rules and regulations. Team members really start to feel their belongings to the team and the development of close ties with other team members. Therefore this phase of team development is characterized by: commitment, collaboration, cooperation and cohesion as team members attempts to mutually agree upon objectives and goals, accept different opinion and try to open exchange of information. Feeling of belongings and friendship to team, help to work towards team goals. At the norming stage the leader facilitates and enables their team to establish the standards and reach to the performing stage. By the end of this stage, standards to guide behavior in the group are agreed by the team members. This stage is similar to the participating stage of the situational leadership model. If the leader does not participate to establish standards, the team may develop their own standards and norms which may me contrary to the project overall objectives and lead to the project leadership failure. At this stage the major decisions are normally made by the team members jointly and the minor decisions may be delegate to the individuals. Member competencies needed: Leadership competencies needed: Demonstrating support on task and in relationships Reinforcing high standards for task Recognizing individual and cultural differences in how appreciation is shown Coaching where needed Stage 4 Performing: This is the stage at which real work is done, team members know their role and duties and performing their work according to the expectations. Team members concentrate on the achievement of common goals and objectives. Sometime it can take long to reach to the performing stage, in most cases when they are self-managed work teams. Team members make progress towards common goals and feel comfortable working within their roles. This phase is marked by consideration among members, creativity challenge and group consciousness. At this stage the team morale is high and team has a good ability to focus on the task as relationship issues have been resolved. At the performing stage the team may produce another successor leader. At this stage the team members does not need assistance and instructions, but they need delegated tasks from the leader. Therefore at this stage leader delegates, observes and almost detach, this stage is similar to the delegating stage of the situational leadership model. This is the main stage where actual work will take place; delegation of wrong tasks to wrong person may lead to project leadership failure. Member competencies needed: Leadership competencies needed: Adapting and changing Establishing a process for incorporating change and renewal Including new members Sharing leadership Stage 5 Reforming or Adjourning: At this stage a task force teams disbands after the fulfillment of its goals or due to poor performance. But some teams are permanent (ongoing work teams), therefore may not reach to the adjourning stage and often remain to the performing stage. This final stage can be characterized by communication, closure, compromise and consensus. The adjourning phase is not the main task of developing a team, but this stage is very relevant to the team members. Stage Leadership Activity Forming Direct the team and establish objectives clearly by negotiating ground rules. Storming Establish process and structure, and work to smooth conflict and build good relationships between team members. Generally provide support, especially to those team members who are less secure. Remain positive and firm in the face of challenges. Explain forming, storming, norming and performing idea for people to understand why conflicts occurring, and that things will get better in the future. Teaching assertiveness and conflict resolution skills. Norming Help the team take responsibility for progress towards the goal by arranging a social, or a team-building event. Performing Delegate as far as possible. Once the team has achieved high performance, the aim now is to have as light a touch as possible by focusing on other goals and areas of work. Adjourning When successfully achieved the objectives time should be taken to celebrate the achievements. The above table clearly depict the relation between the stages of team formation and successful project leadership, the reverse will mean failure. 4. Conclusion Teams are formed because they can achieve far more than their individual members can on their own, and while being part of a high-performing team can be fun, it can take patience and professionalism to get to that stage. Effective team leaders can accelerate that process and reduce the difficulties that team members experience by understanding what they need to do as their team moves through the stages from forming to storming, norming and, finally, performing. Successful project leadership should realize that not all teams and situations will behave in the way depicted by Tuckman. However, in using this approach, the leader should not attempt to force situations to fit it but make sure that people dont use knowledge of the storming stage as a license for boorish behavior. There are some drawback with Tuckmans team formation modal as it does not talk about the time teams do spend and should spend in different project and external environment does not take into account. Paper 2 Critically evaluate of the dynamic between Task, Team and Individual as related to managing a project successfully. Abstract People in organizations work in teams in achieving stated goals and objectives. The extent to which project success relates to the management of task, the individuals and the teams formation in the pursuance of these goals and objectives are not of equal proportion and need to be well judged and balanced by the leader. This assignment will use John Adairs Action Centre Leadership model to related the dynamic between task, individuals and team; critically discussing the extent to which these three needs are related to the management of a successful project. Introduction One person cannot handle whole project, he/she need other individuals an effective team to successfully complete the project. An effective team is a team who has high commitment, is highly appreciated by upper management, is always ready (adaptive) to change open to new ideas and always achieves its goals. Bailey and Cohen (1997: 4) considers a team as a collection of individuals who are interdependent in their tasks, share responsibility for outcomes, see themselves and are seen by others as an intact social entity, embedded in one or more larger social systems and who manage their relationships across organizational boundaries. Adairs Action Centred Action (ACT) model will be used to find the dynamic between task, team and individual as relate to managing projects successfully, as this model identifies three core interrelated functions, which explain the management and leaders core management responsibility. These three core function consist task: achieving the teams goal. team: developing and building your team, so that its ever more effective. individual: helping individuals develop their full potential in the workplace. Discussion Davis (2001) identified three factors, which can determine whether the team is effective or not, such as: The people (individual) within the team: Effective team determining factor for individual aspect include personal job satisfaction, low or no conflict and power struggles, having job security, appreciation by management and mutual trust of colleagues. The organizations rules and culture: includes the people do thinks and believes of the individuals. The tasks to be completed: including appropriate leadership, team involvement in decisions, appropriately skilled team members, challenging work, goals and objectives. According to Davis (2001) it is easy to appreciate the impact of organizational rules and job tasks on each other and on people (individual), but it is much more difficult to understand the impact of individual-related factors on other factors of successful teams of a successful project. Individual related factor such as trust is a major component in forming an effective working team that achieves results. Leaders/ managers are primarily responsible for creating trust. Adair (1997) describe the best leaders is who balance the task, team maintenance, and individual needs. Balancing task, team and individual Adair found that effective leaders pay attention to three areas of need for members of the team: those relating to the task, to the team itself and to individual team members with emphasis on variation with all three interdependent variables. Teams can be more effective for making decisions effectively and quickly than the traditional hierarchical structure according to the large body of research (Thompson 2008). As group members come and go, due to turnover, promotions, hiring and other reasons; therefore resulted over time change in teams, goals, group tasks etc (George et al. 2008). Teams can be classified on the basis of size, organizational level, composition, potential contribution to organizational performance, objectives, permanent versus temporary. According to Colloquia et al., there are 5 general types of teams such as work teams, management teams, parallel teams, project teams and virtual teams. Leadership is the ability to affect human behaviour to accomplish a mission, the act of influencing people to set and achieve goals (McGraw, 2009). Great leaders are visionary people who are able to achieve results using people. They exhibits authority in themselves and exhume confidence in their team members. Some leaders are democratic, allowing team members to express their opinions. Some are dictatorial, explaining what they want from their teams to the team members to execute. All styles have opportunity and challenges and may be used in certain circumstances. Team leaders must also realise that there are different types of human traits that can be exhibited among team members. These traits rarely have advantage over others as they are complementary. It is the duty of an effective team leader to identify the trait in individual members of his or her team and know how to use the qualities to advantage. All these traits have the qualities which effective team leaders can exploit and none is better than the other. Tasks are those activities that need to done in order to achieve the desired goals and outcome. Leader can help to facilitate these tasks by planning the work, allocating the resources, checking performance and reviewing progress. Team maintenance relates to maintaining good relation and building team spirit, training the group, maintaining discipline. Individual needs can be satisfied by attending to personal problems, training the individual, giving them status and praise, meeting their needs and reconciling conflicts between group needs. To achieve the task, management should make it clear who is going to do what, proper delegation of responsibilities, everyone is clear about the objectives, is adequate authority delegating to the team, are working conditions right for the group, have the time planned affectively, who will cover the absent person, is there adequate resources to complete the tasks. In building and maintaining the team, management should make it clear is the size of the team is correct, are the right people working together, are the rules seen to be reasonable, is the team motivated to achieve the tasks, is the conflict dealt properly, does the team accept the objectives do the team knows about the expected standards of performance. In developing the individual, management should make it clear that have the targets been agreed and quantified, does the individual know about their contribution to work, overall result, does the individual got sufficient authority to achieve the task delegate to them and has adequate provisions been made for retaining and training team members. According to the Hackman (1987), there are 3 primary definitions of team success, and these relate to the task, social relations, and individuals. A successful team completes its task. While completing the task, team members develop social relations that help them work together and maintain the team. Teamwork should help to improve an individuals social and interpersonal skills. Mullins (2010:369) suggests that the action taken by the leader in any one of these area of need will affect one or both of the other areas of need with the ideal position been the complete integration towards the achievement of all three. However, building the team and satisfying individual needs are considered to be part of leadership whilst achieving the common task involves the process of management. According to Robbins (1998) Individual behavior have key variables, which make up individual difference. Every individual has their own attitudes, personality, values, talent, ability to learn, motivation factors, perceptions. Different nature of these variables (attributes) make individual different. Attitude is the judgment an individual make about events and people. This judgement can be positive or negative. Basic values influenced attitude and attitude affect the individual behaviour. Sometime attitudes can change, while values are unlikely to change. Values: Values are the general belief about what is good and bad. Values affect the individual behavior and attitude and difficult to change. Personality: Individual act and behave in a particular way, which called personality. Personality can be learned and inherited. Talent: Talent means the intelligence and ability of the individual. Level of persons talent will depend on how those people perform their job. Ability to learn: This is related to the change in behavior based on experience and getting new ideas. Motivation: Motivation means willing to do something with inspiration, not by force. Different individual have different motivating factors, such as money, name and fame etc. According to Bowditch et al the motivation of team members of joining a team, strongly influence cohesiveness of the team and the members productivity. Perception: Different people give different meaning to what they see around them; therefore people perceive things in different ways. By Knowing about individual differences leaders can understand why individual respond differently. Leaders should appreciate that it is difficult to change values, therefore they may be try to change attitude. As attitude affect behavior, which affect job performance and motivation. The key learning point from these different factors is that if leader want to get best from their team he should appreciate that individuals need to be treated differently. There is also Myer-Briggs model (1956) which effective team leaders have to contend with. This model is about personality types. Myer-Briggs identified four ways people differ from each other. These are: the way they think; the way they view; the way they feel/perceive and the way they see things. Team diversity include language difference, cultural difference, background difference, qualification difference, class, age, sex and experience also have effects in a team which the leader must manage. Mckenna and Maister draw attention on the importance of group leader establishing trust among the group by helping them understand the behaviours that build trust (Cited in Mullins, 2010). Successful project management will require the following list of common tasks for each of the three management responsibilities so that leaders will balance their resources appropriately. Task:Â  Establish deadlines for project tasks, and explain the quality standards expected. Team:Â  Ensure that everyone in the team has the skills and training to accomplish the final goal Individual:Â  Help define each individuals role within the team and agree the tasks they are responsible for. Task:Â  Clearly state the final goal of the team. Team:Â  Monitor team relationships, and resolve conflicts where necessary. Individual:Â  Appropriately praise and reward individual team members for their contribution to the team. Task:Â  Ensure everyone understands the resources, people, and processes that they should be using Team:Â  If team will be working in smaller teams, appoint a leader for each team, and ensure that he/she is effective and properly trained. Individual:Â  Ensure that one on one time is spent with each member: identify their strengths and weaknesses, their needs, and any special skills they can bring to the team. Task:Â  Create a detailed plan for how the group is going to reach their final goal. Team:Â  Work on keeping the team motivated with high morale. Individual:Â  If any team members seem to be lagging behind, coach them until they are back on track. Task:Â  Identify the purpose of the team and communicate team members. Team:Â  Identify the style the team will be working in (very formal, relaxed, etc.) Individual:Â  Ensure each team member has the skills to perform his or her role successfully. Give regular feedback on the teams performance. 4. Conclusion Leaders have many responsibilities when it comes to managing their teams. And, its easy to get so focused on one area that the others slip by the wayside, leading to an unbalanced, poorly-functioning group. ACL model states that leaders must balance the actions they take across all three key areas if they want their project to succeed. The areas are interdependent; if a leader focuses too much on one area and neglects the other two, then the group will experience problems. The leaders do not necessarily have to divide their efforts equally across these but balance according to the situation and over time. Using a tool like Action Centered Leadership can help any leader stay on top of the most important responsibilities, and keep the group working efficiently, happily, and productively. John Adairs simple Action-Centered Leadership model provides a great blueprint for leadership and the management of any team, group or organisation. Good managers and leaders should have full command of the three main areas of the ACL model, and should be able to use each of the elements according to the situation. Leaders who are able to achieve the task; building the team and develop keeping the right balance, gets results, builds morale, improves quality, develops teams and productivity, and is the mark of a success. References and Bibliography: Adair, J (1997), cited in Management Extra Leading Teams; page 43 Bailey and Cohen (1997), cited in Halverson B. Claire; Trims S. Aleel: Effective Multicultural Teams-Theory and Practice, page 4 Belbin R. Meredith: Team Roles at work; 2nd Edition, page 122 Belbin, M. (2004) Management Teams Why They Succeed or Fail? 2nd Edition. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0 7506 910 6. Colquitt A., Jason; Lepine A., Jeffery; Wesson J., Michael: Organizational Behaviour (2nd Edition) Daniel Levi: Group Dynamics for Teams (2nd Edition) page 20 George M., Jennifer; Jones R., Gareth; Understanding and managing organizational Behaviour (5th Edition.); 2008 Harvard Davis (2001), cited in Management Extra Leading Teams; page 7 Hondon (2002), cited in Managing People in Organizations Contemporary Theory and Practice by Dr Jeremy Adams. Making the team: a guide for managers / Leigh L. Thompson. (3rd Edition) Mullins J., Laurie (2010): Managing and Organizational Behaviour (8th Edition), Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1947) The German Ideology. New York: International Publishers. Oyedele, O (2010) Team Management: Lessons from the Leadership Styles of Successful Team Managers, Glasgow Caledonian University, June 2010 Robbins (1998), cited in Management Extra Leading Teams; page 7 Thompson, L. (2008). Leading high impact teams. Team leadership survey from the Kellogg School of Management Executive Program. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, cited in Making the team: a guide for managers/ Leigh L. Thompson. (3rd Edition)